Genocide The Rwandan Patriotic Front - 890 Words

The 1990 s was a grim time in history all across the globe, its epicentre being Rwanda. In April of 1994 the Rwandan President Habyarimana was shot down from a plane. In consequence, immediate war was struck and the goal of extermination of the Tutsi was commenced. This genocide was the result of conscious choice of the elite, therefore, president Habyarimana to promote hatred and fear to keep itself in power. Rwanda’s political elite blamed the entire Tutsi minority population for the country’s increasing social, economic, and political pressures. Tutsi civilians were also accused of supporting a Tutsi-dominated rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Using hateful propaganda, reading out names of people that must be killed and articles on newspapers. Tutsi and people suspected of being Tutsi were killed in their homes and as they tried to flee at roadblocks set up across the country during the genocide. Leaving an unimaginable 800,000 people dead. Mothers and daughters raped, children, boys and men slaughtered with machetes (United Human rights coucil,2015). How did it get this far? What was the worlds reaction to this gruesome mass murder? Hindsight, hindsight was the reaction of everyone around the world; from political entities to international humanitarian organizations to individuals. By definition is the perception of the nature of an event after it has happened. Many claim not to have known what was going on in the African continent, however, PolicymakersShow MoreRelatedThe Rwanda Of The Rwandan Defence Force904 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, perpetrators, victims and bystanders with difficult answers on how to solve them. The post-genocide nation of Rwanda witnessed one of the most horrific events a nation could experience, genocide. However, it has rebuilt itself to become an example nation for transitional justice, political stability and economic development. Rwanda’s military capabilities within the institute of the Rw andan Defence Force (RDF) are well known for its organisation capability and effectiveness in compact. InRead More Roots of the Rwandan Genocide1739 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 6, 1994, Rwanda experienced a period of great turmoil as thousands of people fell victim to the horrors of the Rwandan genocide. The main targets of the genocide were Tutsis and Hutu moderates. Though the main cause of the genocide was a conflict between two ethnicities, the genocide was also fueled by political factors and social conditions. Rwanda is the smallest sub-Saharan country with a population of about 7 million inhabitants. Although the indigenous peoples of Rwanda are the TwaRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide : A Perspective Analysis Through Media1166 Words   |  5 PagesJordon Jones Genocides in Comparative Historical Perspective 01:090:292:01 Professor Douglas Greenberg Final Paper 6 December 2015 The Rwandan Genocide: A Perspective Analysis Through Media â€Å"The Tutsis are collaborators with the Belgian colonists. They stole our land. They whipped us. Now they have come back, these Tutsi rebels. They are murderers. They are cockroaches. Rwanda is our Hutu Land. We must squash the infestation. This is RTLM, Hutu Power Radio. Stay Alert. Watch your neighborsRead MoreAn Inside Look at Rwanda Essays1195 Words   |  5 PagesUganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The country is home to various cultures and languages such as Kinyarwanda (Bantu) and French. Although mostly recovered, the devastation of the 1994 genocide still plagues the country. This included the mass killings of Rwandans led by the political elite name Akazu. The Tutsi’s, one of the two major cultures in Rwanda, population was drastically affected by the horrific event. The demographics of Rwanda as of 2010 are very intriguingRead MoreRwanda s Current Government And Foreign Policy878 Words   |  4 Pages Rwandans experienced periods of exile, internal displacement and refugee status since the closing years of Rwanda’s colonial rule under Belgium. Starting in 1959 and up until what could still be argued as on-going is a section of the Rwandan population not being able to living in their ancestral homeland. There are two significant period of Rwandan exile in terms of Rwanda’s current government and foreign policy. The first was the period of 1959 to 1962 when an estimated one million, mostly TutsiRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide : 100 Days Of Mass Slaughter1357 Words   |  6 Pages The Rwandan Genocide: 100 Days of Mass Slaughter â€Å"Seldom in history has a once-dominant group suffered so terrible a reversal of fortune as the Tutsi of Rwanda†- Robin Hallet. The event that Robin Hallet is referring to is the Rwandan Genocide, the â€Å"genocidal mass slaughter† of the Tutsi (the minority group in Rwanda) and a few Hutu (the dominant group in Rwanda) by â€Å"members of the Hutu majority,† which resulted in at least 1 million Rwandan deaths. The Rwandan Genocide was indirectly causedRead MoreReforming Rwanda Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesPerhaps the most recognized event in Rwanda was the genocide of 1994. The issues leading up to the killings, the genocide itself, and the changes made after are all important to Rwanda’s future and its ability to reform. Rwanda’s Civil War began on October 2, 1990 and greatly contributed to the country’s decline into violence and mass murder. The war was between the government of the current president, Juvà ©nal Habyarimana and the Rwanda Patriotic Front(RPF). The war was allegedly ended on August 4Read MoreThe Rwandan Genocide Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide History has a funny way of repeating itself. After World War II, the United States and the rest of the international community promised to do all they could to prevent future genocides. However this was a promise they were unable to keep. In 1994 when Rwanda went through genocide the United States and U.N were absent, leaving the Tutsis to be brutally murdered by the Hutus. As a consequence 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed and dumped into mass graves. Once againRead MoreThe Genocide And The Holocaust Of Night By Elie Wiesel1458 Words   |  6 PagesMan loves to kill. In response to the question asked, man will continue to commit such atrocities as a genocide. Man will never learn from past mistakes or all of a sudden stop mass killings or genocides. Humans have always killed and they will continue to do it. Humans will not all of a sudden be pacifists and stop killing. This has happened with the Rwandan genocide and with the Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel. Man will not stop committing such atrocities and have a brighter future and theseRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesWith over eight hundred thousand to one million deaths, the Rwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousands

In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates Free Essays

In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates. However, other countries, mostly in LEDCs, the population isn’t stabilizing and instead is increasing. Reasons for this are that people are now living longer due to better health care, while poor education and poor knowledge of birth control means that birth rates are increasing while death rates are decreasing leading to overpopulation. We will write a custom essay sample on In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates or any similar topic only for you Order Now Governments have now begun to recognize the problems caused by population growth and have introduced anti-natalist policies aiming to reduce fertility. Countries suffering from overpopulation are India, Singapore, Nigeria, China and India. Here the governments have implied policies such as later marriages, birth spacing and inheritance laws. Also in India, if a man volunteers for a vasectomy he would receive a free transistor radio. However, perhaps the most famous policy of all is China’s ‘one child policy’. China is the third largest country in terms of areas – 9596960 km2. In terms of population it is the biggest nation with 1.2 billion people, who make up 21.5% of the world’s total population. The problems China faced were that only 7% of China is land area. While only 50% of this land is farmable and only 13% suitable for arable farming. This situation is then made worse by 94% of the Chinese population living in the badly overpopulated southeast of the country, which consists of 43% of land. While only 6% live in the northwest of the country, which consists of 57% of land. This has led to an imbalance between population and resources. Secondly in 1949, China was made a communist country. At this stage, China sought to maximise its population for military and strategic strength. By 1960 CBR had peaked at 45/1000. The sheer size of the Chinese population put increased demands on services such as food, housing, education and employment. In fact during the 1970s the government feared that further population increases would result in mass starvation by the end of the century. This triggered the government to enforce anti-natalist policies. Options were considered such as: Increase death rate – however not a legitimate government policy. Encourage out migration – too many Chinese for this to be successful. Import more resources – implications for the rest of the world, especially LEDCs. Therefore the only option was to reduce the birth rate, which led to the 1979 ‘one child policy’. This included: Compulsory abortion if a couple already had one child (if a couple managed to escape abortion and have more than one child then there were economic penalties). The introduction of ‘Granny police’ – who were older women who went round checking younger women weren’t pregnant. Compulsory sterilisation – the government would send in the army to gather men and sterilize them. Later marriages and the use of contraception were also encouraged. The one child policy found greatest success amongst the urban population – where it was more strictly enforced and accepted. Therefore in 1994 the government introduced the ‘new family plan’. This aimed to educate farmers, in rural areas, on the basis that they will naturally come to understand why fewer children means achieving prosperity sooner. The outcomes of the one child policy were that the Birth rate was reduced from 45/1000 to 22/1000. In this respect the policy has therefore been regarded as a success. Couples are wealthier due to economic improvements while they no longer fear the official penalties of increased housing, schooling and medical costs for larger families. However, there have also been a number of problems with the policy. Firstly, there is now an ageing population, which have a number of potential problems in itself. In the early 90s there were about 100 million Chinese people over 60 – which encountered for 9% of the population. By 2030 it is expected to have increased to 25% of the population. This is likely to lead to a limitation in the labour supply. While pensions and retirement benefits are few, and there has never been much state pension for the elderly. Other problems are that most Chinese families want a son. This has led to some female babies being allowed to die after birth through deliberate exposure, neglect or in some areas the feeding of poisonous berries. This leads to a gender imbalance. This could cause problems for China, as it is likely to lead to a considerable amount of unmarried men, causing social instability and a growing demand for prostitution. There is also the tendency for the child to become spoilt. This will be the only child a couple will ever have, therefore all their ambitions and money are channelled into the child’s education, well-being and comfort. However, in the course of time such a spoilt child could become the sole support for up to six aged people. In conclusion, without the one child policy china would almost certainly be chaos and an economic mess. Therefore although there are serious problems with the policy, the success of dramatically reducing the population outweighs the potential consequences that China now faces. However, it is not only China who have introduced dramatic anti -natalist policies to reduce the population. Indonesia attempted to even out its differences in population density between its inner and outer islands through a transmigration scheme. How to cite In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates, Papers

Global Wine War 2009-New World Versus Old free essay sample

In the 1960s, 1970s or even 1980s, if you ask someone, which countries produce the best wine in the world? They would have said France, Italy or Spain. However, if you ask someone the same question nowadays, the answer would be different. The new wine industry players such as Australia, the United States and Chile are changing the global industry structure, leading the global industry trend, and challenging the traditional wine makers by introducing innovations at every stage of the value chain. This article analyzed the development of global wine industry from the old world to the new based on Case 2-1 Global Wine War 2009: New World Versus Old, and gave some advice to the both sides in the fierce battle according to the analysis. The Brilliant Old World Grape growing and winemaking are indispensable aspect in the progress of human civilization. After thousand-year development, innovations revolutionized the industry. As the industry developed, wine became increasingly important to the cultural and economic life of the producing countries. As the major European producing country which has a long winemaking history, France is a representative country of the old world of wine industry. The main factors determined the French to become the dominant competitors in the increasingly global wine industry for centuries include: Long history of grape growing and winemaking, long-standing wine culture and a prosperous economy formed an excellent development environment. Strict and recognized laws and regulations to control almost every aspect of winemaking to ensure the quality of wine and to help consumers identify their finest wines. The terroir, combination of soil, aspect, microclimate, rainfall and cultivation, gave the wine from each vineyard its unique character, to cater the demands of different tastes and to ensure the taste and the quality of wine. And above factors are also the competitive advantages of the countries of Old World supporting their exports. In addition, with the innovations of wine storage and delivery technologies, greater wine stability and longevity, distribution to distant markets and bottle aging of good vintages is also helped countries of Old World to expand production and export to the global market. In spite of the size and reputation of the wine production of Old World countries made themselves the dominant competitors in the increasingly global wine industry for centuries, they constrained by their wine-making traditions, restrictive industry regulations and complex national and European Community legislation, New World is catching up with them tightly, and a fierce battle has been fighting between Old World and New World. The Emerging New World Under the influence of immigrants from the Old World wine countries, wine industries in Argentina, Chile and South Africa have developed rapidly since 18th century. And in the postwar era, demand for wine increased rapidly in the United States, Australia and other New World producers, this growth resulted in a boom in domestic demand that proved a boost for the young New World wine industry. Furthermore, climate and soil allowed grape growing to flourish in the New World, the consumption of wine in these countries varied widely. Innovations and Broken Traditions New World producers broke many grape growing and winemaking traditions, including: They experimented with grape growing and winemaking technology, such as drip irrigation and specialized equipment used in vineyards, to expand into marginal land, reduce vintage variability and reduce labor costs. Innovation of viniculture such as night harvesting, trellis systems, fertilizers and pruning methods pursued to increase yield and grape flavor. Large estates usually had on-site labs to provide analysis helpful in making growing and harvest decisions. New World wine makers developed processes that allowed fermentation and aging to occur in huge, computer-controlled, stainless steel tanks rather than in traditional oak barrels. The economic impact of these innovations largely decreased the production costs of the New World comparing with the Old. Changed Marketing Model In addition to the innovations of grape growing and winemaking, New World also innovated in packaging and marketing. They developed collapsible plastic bag and replaced cork stoppers with screw caps to reduce shipping costs, to save storage space and to avoid the defect of corks. They learned the value of differentiating their products and making them more appealing to palates unaccustomed to wine. These experiments provided valuable lessons in branding and marketing. Some experienced marketers such as Coca-Cola, Nestle, Pillsbury and Seagram entered the wine industry and left behind the consumer focused attitudes and the sophisticated marketing skills. The large New World companies typically controlled the full value chain, extracting margins at every level and retaining bargaining power with increasingly concentrated retailers. These changes brought more profits, more recognition of consumers, more market share and more marketing experience to New World companies. Global Competition between New World and Old With the intensifying competition between New World and Old, significant changes happened during the last quarter of the 20th century made the competition increasingly fierce. Maturing Global Markets and Changing Global Demand Patterns A declining demand in worldwide consumption occurred from 1970 to 1990, especially in the highest-consumption countries, such as France and Italy, and countries with drinking cultures, such as Spain. Key causes of the decline were a younger generation’s different drinking preferences, and older generation’s concern about health issues, and stricter drunk-driving penalties. At the same time, demand was growing in many wine-importing countries, including the U. K. and some Asian countries such as China, Japan and South Korea, emerging markets arose under these growing demands. This shift in market demand escalated the competition for export sales into a global wine war. Following the development of economy, demand for higher-quality wines became a worldwide trend in wine industry. Meanwhile, with the shift to quality, a greater fashion element began to influence demand, and the demand for different grape varieties also moved with fashion. As these various demand trends continued, the rankings of the world’s top wine companies underwent radical change. Old World The radical shifts in demand proved extremely challenging to Old World producers. Firstly, there was often no new land available to plant, particularly in controlled AOC regions. Secondly, the regulations prescribing permitted grape varieties and winemaking techniques that greatly limited their flexibility. Thirdly, the biggest problem was that declining demand at home and a loss of share in export markets had caused a structural wine surplus. New World In spite of the swings in fashion posed a problem for growers, New World wine regions had the capacity and the regulatory freedom to plant new varieties in new vineyards and could respond. Consequently, New World companies took nine slots in a list of the world’s top 15 wine companies. Increasing Distribution Power of New World The significant changes of demand trends in global wine markets had great impact on the distribution chain of wine industry. Old World Facing the changes of demand trends, most Old World producers were still isolated from fast-changing consumer tastes and market trends. And they didn’t have sufficient understanding of the rapidly concentrating retail channels. New World Because most large New World wine companies controlled their distribution chain from the vineyard to the retailer, they were able to sense changes in consumer preferences and respond to shifts in distribution channels. Furthermore, the New World companies were able to capture even more economic advantage by him and reducing handling stages, holding less inventory, and capturing the intermediaries’ markup. Size also gave New World companies bargaining power in the sophisticated negotiations that a concentrated retail sector now demanded. Advantages of Positioning and Branding Appropriate positioning and recognized brand are the key factors for wine producers to appeal to consumers and to increase their market share. Old World While a handful of icon brands prospered at the top of the market based on image and quality, the fragmentation of Old World vineyards forced most to compete at the low end on price. When some chose to take on the New World brands under the umbrella of the AOC’s reputation, it soon became clear that they lacked the skills or resources to succeed in the last growth middle market. Furthermore, few European wine companies had the volume to support a branding strategy. Historically, only the handful of Old World producers whose wines achieved icon status were recognized brands, and these brands appealed to the elite, who represented only a tiny fraction of the global market. New World New World producers had made branding a routine part of wine marketing. They built their marketing expertise in their home markets, learned how to respond to consumer preferences for the simpler. They then took those wines and the marketing and branding skills they had developed at home into the export markets. By 2007, New World companies claimed 14 of the world’s top 20 wine brands. Response of Old World Facing the declined demand of consumers and increased market share of New World in global market, Old World indeed did something to respond to the trends. The EU’s initial response to the structural wine surplus was to pay farmers to uproot their vineyards. A parallel â€Å"crisis distillation program† provided for the EU to purchase surplus wine for distillation into industrial alcohol. After a reform proposal in 2006, EU agricultural policy changes shifted the focus from reducing oversupply to subsidizing marketing and promotion, European wines began growing their market share in the U. S. French wines extended their penetration into the super premium segment. France beat all other countries in terms of import value. Its price per bottle, at 77% above the average of all imports, reflected its strong position in the luxury segment. The growth in Italian imports was occurring mostly in the popular priced range that was their historic strength. Challenges to New World In spite of the success achieved in the competition with Old World, New World wine companies were also facing challenges. Problems of global oversupply were made worse by emerging signs of saturation in several major export markets. There was also some evidence that New World wines were developing image problems born of their willingness to lower prices aggressively in an era of excess supply. Advice to Both Sides Facing the challenges of changed demand, restrictive industry regulations, increasing costs and competitors, how to survive from the fierce battle? Regardless of government, wine industry association or wine producers should think over it. Advice to the U. S. (Secretary of Agriculture, Major Wine Industry Association, and Wine Producers) The United States market had grown faster than any other major wine market. Therefore, the U. S. should take actions to defend the domestic market. On the other hand, it should also increase the export value. Advice to the U. S. Secretary of Agriculture Since the extremely high land costs and the increasing labor costs, government should give producers subsidies or taxes exemption to subsidize them and to reduce the costs. Advice to the Major Wine Industry Association The wine industry association should improve the industry regulation to oversee and control the quality of wine consistently, establish clear classifications of variety of wines to instruct consumers’ purchase. Advice to the Wine Producers American producers should not only focus on their large, high priced domestic market, but also the prevailing global price/quality ratio. In addition, due to the unavailable land and increasing labor costs, they should develop advanced techniques to improve the yield and the efficiency of production. Advice to Australia (Secretary of Agriculture, Major Wine Industry Association, and Wine Producers) Advice to the Australian Secretary of Agriculture The government should support domestic brands which are targeted in separated consumer group, and these actions should cover accessible premium brand wines and promote ease of enjoyment. In addition, the government should develop the association between Australian regions and wine varieties or styles. Also, the government should support Australia’s high profile aspirational wines and provide an umbrella of world-class reputation. Advice to the Major Wine Industry Association The wine industry association should analyze the accessibility and consumers understanding, manage the best practice of winemaking and viticulture relative to price point, site and varietal expression, and provide instructions to the produces. Advice to the Wine Producers Australian wine was also facing price and image problems, its bumper crops of 2004-2006 had led Australian producers to aggressively reduce prices in all export markets. While this led to a boom in export sales, it also established an image of Australian wines as â€Å"cheap and cheerful†. Furthermore, Australian wine could not compete long-term in a low-cost battle. Consequently, the export business should focus on full-bodied, quality wines that can raise its image. Natural and economic factors caused an increase in production cost, so the producers should improve their efficiency further to reduce the production costs despite their achieved high efficiency of production. Advice to France (Secretary of Agriculture, Major Wine Industry Association, and Wine Producers) Advice to the French Secretary of Agriculture The government should offer direct support to wineries in financial difficulty, and provide funds to relaunch French wines into the world market. Furthermore, a new national wine committee should be built to work on simplifying the complex classification systems. And the government should provide more funds to distill surplus wine into industrial alcohol. Advice to the Major Wine Industry Association Since the value of AOC was weakened not only by its complexity, but also by the erosion of consumers’ confidence in the classification scheme as an assurance of quality, the wine industry association should simplify the restrictive industry regulations and complex national legislation. Advice to the Wine Producers Since the demand of consumers has changed significantly, the producers should have sufficient understanding of the fast-changing consumer tastes, market trends and the rapidly concentrating retail channels. In addition, they should control their distribution chain to capture more economic advantage. Furthermore, since there are only handful of icon brands prospered at the top of the market based on image and quality, the producers should support a branding strategy to bring more recognized brands to the global markets to improve the image and reputation. A fierce battle has been fighting between Old World and New World following the demand of consumers and market trend, each side is trying its best to produce wines with high quality and various tastes to expand market share and to increase sales. No matter which side will be the winner, consumers would be the ultimate beneficiary.