Motherhood and Womanhood as Illustrated in Tillie Olsen’s Essay

Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing,† is a short story introduced in monolog structure which resounds a mother’s anxiety over parenthood and the cliché pictures joined by society to the female sexual orientation (especially to womanhood and parenthood), which therefore turns into a picture that the thought about takes. The mother, whose personality was not revealed, represents the character’s all inclusive importance as far as the pictures that she makes in the brains of the perusers that as one tunes in to the mother’s reflections one may end up caught in a similar circumstance and, maybe, even offer similar feelings with the hero, regardless of whether the peruser originates from an alternate time and spot. The entire monolog interprets the allegorical â€Å"ironing-out† or fixing what she sees as the â€Å"wrinkled† part of her character of and the world around the fundamental character utilizing symbolisms that appear to hide what is truly occurring inside the individual’s reality. Her memories of the past recommends one of the complete practices ladies, paying little heed to existence, have performed (some of the time with hatred yet the majority of the occasions willingly†maybe since the outside saw pressure is impossible or they simply need to keep up their mental stability in spite of the difficulties): failure to convert into emphatic words and activities what they truly feel when these ought to have been their asylum to their quandary. Henceforth, disdain is contained in a vacuum until such time when the ‘self’ could no longer contain the weight she starts to vent out her feelings to different people, things or occasions. Accordingly we hear the hero, at long last saying, â€Å"â€Å"My shrewdness came past the point of no return. She has a lot to her and likely little will happen to it. She is an offspring of her age, of misery, of war, of fear† (standard 50). Acknowledgment occurred to her at a time least expected †when connections (among mother and little girl) appeared to be â€Å"on the rocks,† when years that could have been viewed as generally valuable to the mother just as to the mother have effectively past, and when everything else (the feebleness [physically and emotionally]) of the two characters (mother and little girl) could have been reestablished. Symbolism hues the mothers’ world some time before reality sets in. â€Å"She was a delightful child †¦ You don't think about how new and uncomfortable her tenure in her now †flawlessness (standard 4); I was nineteen. It was the pre-alleviation, pre-WPA universe of the downturn (standard 8): you discussed her uncommon present for parody on the phase that [aroused] chuckling out of the crowd so dear they praise and commend and don't have any desire to release her (standard 17). Indeed, even the recuperating home where Emily had to remain after her mom couldn't keep her any more drawn out is depicted in the mother’s monolog as a spot that takes after a principled haven: â€Å"Oh it is an attractive spot, green gardens and tall trees and fluted blossom beds. High up on the galleries of every bungalow the kids stand, the young ladies in their red withdraws from dresses, the young men in white suits and monster red ties (standard 26); she is more than this dress on the pressing board, defenseless before the iron (standard 51), which delineates the oddity in the principle character’s and her daughter’s life †the iron speaks to her as the mother who attempts to fix the wrinkles (apparently risky condition in her daughter’s life just as a part of her character, which are spoken to by the dress being resolved [before it was lovely and filled in as a covering for the body, allegorically a disguises the characters’ soul and genuine identities]); both and the board and the iron served might be seen as the outside weights [the mother, spoke to by the iron being squeezed by huge other’s cliché origination on parenthood and womanhood and the board, might be seen as the durable socio-social standards that unav oidably shapes others’ view of the primary characters’ jobs and personalities. In these circumstances, reality (which is commonly depicted as discouraging) are given on the other hand the wonderful symbolisms making an impression of disguising what is in presence like the cover that the mother has, maybe put on for quite a while before she at last had the boldness to acknowledge the characteristic request of things. The mother in the story, while pressing, â€Å"attempts to comprehend or â€Å"iron out† her irresolute sentiments towards her multi year-old little girl Emily, the most seasoned among her five youngsters, and who is portrayed as having a pained youth. Her monolog moves between the present and the past, beginning from Emily’s birth during the â€Å"Depression† time of the 1930’s when the she was herself was only nineteen years of age. With the monolog, the mother agonizingly remembers how she ignored Emily on account of conditions outside her ability to control. All through the mother’s monolog, the proposed beneficiary of the message stayed anonymous, despite the fact that there was a specific notice of a social specialist in the story (standard. 30) and one hears the third individual toward the start of the mother’s monolog, â€Å"She’s an adolescent who needs assistance and whom I’m profoundly keen on making a difference. † In the monolog, the mother uncovers her duty and blame in parenthood. As the completions her monolog, one could feel how she is gotten between feeling liable for her daughter’s despondent adolescence and perceiving her weakness and absence of choices. In any case she understands her own character is isolated from her little girl: despite the fact that she is a piece of her girl yet separate from her, henceforth her little girl has her very own existence. At long last the mother closes her monolog: She is an offspring of her age, of sorrow, of war, of dread. Leave her alone. So all that is in her won't blossom †yet in what number of isn't that right? There is still enough left to live by. Just assistance her to know-help make it so there is cause for her to know †that she is more than this dress on the pressing board, vulnerable before the iron (standard 51). Similarly, the individual having her very own brain, may decide to follow or dismiss how her noteworthy other’s (for this situation, the mother) childhood (so Emily is depicted as, â€Å"She kept a lot in herself, her life was such she needed to keep a lot in herself) (standard 50). † Such conduct is clarified in an investigation led by Robert Karen (1990) in which he worried there are attributes that are learned†that whether an individual trusts others or not, regardless of whether one envisions love or dismissal, whether one will like himself as an individual relies upon how much an individual gains from his critical others: These are not acquired characteristics, they are found out; and albeit subject to transform, they are at first controlled by the affectability and unwavering quality of the consideration you got in your first years (in Karen 15). On account of the squeezing procedure the characters have figured out how to acclimate to forcing circumstances (how they respond [whether emphatically or negatively] relies upon how they see the procedure). Both characters’ characters were exposed to the squeezing powers of society and each person’s responses to these weights. The â€Å"ironing† procedure wound up fixing â€Å"wrinkled† dress (risky characters); the change didn't happen out of the individuals’ endeavors but since they were constrained by outside enabling components. Without these outside powers, these characters may have remained â€Å"wrinkled† in any case. Thus both the procedure of â€Å"ironing out† has become both a need and an extravagance (since there could be various methods of â€Å"ironing out† (others could be less tiring and takes just some time). Works Cited: Karen, Robert. (February 1990) â€Å"Becoming Attached,† Atlantic Monthly. Recovered April 09, 2009 from http://www. brain research. sunysb. edu/connection/on the web/karen. pdf Olsen, Tillie. â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing†

Free Essays on Leonardo Compared With Piero

Look at THE THEORETICAL AND Esthetic INSTINCTS OF TWO OF THE THREE QUATTROCENTO PAINTERS: (PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA ANDREA MANTEGNA, AND LEONARDO DA VINCI). WHAT WOULD YOU SAY WERE THE PRINICPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE WORKS OF YOUR TWO SELECTED ARTISTS? Break down ONE PAINTING BY EITHER ARTIST WHICH YOU FIND PARTICULARLY ABSORBING. Leonardo da Vinci and Piero della Francesca had clear stylish and hypothetical senses in their way to deal with their fine arts. Hypothesis alludes to the subject of why a composition is painted a specific way and feel alludes to the topic of what makes a canvas welcome and ingests ones reasoning. As of now in history Leon Battista Alberti composed the primary treatise on painting, the Della Pittura (1436). This treatise made a climate of reflection and painting was raised from a negligible craftsman exchange to a scholarly exercise that necessary extraordinary ability. This intellectualization of painting had a lot to do with the improvement of point of view. The fifteenth Century was a period of sureness and measure. This could be found in the Liberal expressions that were educated at University. They were all crafts of measure. Both Leonardo and Piero left composed treatises on painting. Leonardo’s was entitled the Trattato della Pittura and Piero’s De Prospectiva Pi ngendi. These two works help in understanding their stylish and hypothetical inclinations. Leonardo additionally composed regarding numerous matters outside artistic creation in his scratch pad which likewise help to additionally get him and his feel and hypothesis. In this article I will diagram the similitudes and contrasts in Piero and Leonardo’s feel and hypothesis. I will likewise investigate Leonardo’s Mona Lisa (1503) and characterize what I find engrossing in this work. Both Leonardo and Piero estimated about work of art in their treatises on workmanship. For both point of view was a significant part of painting in when ‘certainty’ was exceptionally esteemed. Leonardo depended intensely on mathem... Free Essays on Leonardo Compared With Piero Free Essays on Leonardo Compared With Piero Analyze THE THEORETICAL AND Esthetic INSTINCTS OF TWO OF THE THREE QUATTROCENTO PAINTERS: (PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA ANDREA MANTEGNA, AND LEONARDO DA VINCI). WHAT WOULD YOU SAY WERE THE PRINICPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE WORKS OF YOUR TWO SELECTED ARTISTS? Dissect ONE PAINTING BY EITHER ARTIST WHICH YOU FIND PARTICULARLY ABSORBING. Leonardo da Vinci and Piero della Francesca had positive stylish and hypothetical senses in their way to deal with their works of art. Hypothesis alludes to the topic of why a composition is painted a specific way and style alludes to the topic of what makes an artwork welcome and ingests ones reasoning. As of now in history Leon Battista Alberti composed the main treatise on painting, the Della Pittura (1436). This treatise made a climate of reflection and painting was raised from a simple craftsman exchange to a scholarly exercise that necessary incredible ability. This intellectualization of painting had a lot to do with the advancement of viewpoint. The fifteenth Century was a period of sureness and measure. This could be found in the Liberal expressions that were educated at University. They were all crafts of measure. Both Leonardo and Piero left composed treatises on painting. Leonardo’s was entitled the Trattato della Pittura and Piero’s De Prospectiva Pingendi. These two works help in understanding their stylish and hypothetical inclinations. Leonardo likewise composed regarding numerous matters outside work of art in his note pads which additionally help to additionally get him and his feel and hypothesis. In this article I will layout the likenesses and contrasts in Piero and Leonardo’s style and hypothesis. I will likewise break down Leonardo’s Mona Lisa (1503) and characterize what I find retaining in this work. Both Leonardo and Piero estimated about work of art in their treatises on craftsmanship. For both point of view was a significant part of painting in when ‘certainty’ was profoundly esteemed. Leonardo depended vigorously on mathem...

Opening a Credit Card for Points Is it Worth it

Opening a Credit Card for Points Is it Worth it Opening a Credit Card for Points: Is it Worth it? Opening a Credit Card for Points: Is it Worth it?The first article in our “Is it Worth It?” series tackles the tough topic of credit card points. Are they worth it?Credit cards, when used properly, can be a valuable tool for building your financial well-being. Aside from the convenience of credit cards offer, using no more than one-third of your credit and paying off the bill in full every month is one of the most reliable ways to build your credit score.That does not mean using a credit card comes without risks. Given that credit cards lack the tangibility of cash, if you are not careful, you can put yourself into significant debt. That is why you must master responsible credit card practices if you are going to use them.Once you have mastered regular credit card use, you may want to try and earn some points so you can go for the credit card high score. In other words: opening credit cards with rewards programs in an attempt to save money overall, or just earn benefits you might not receive otherwise.But what are these high-level credit card strategies? And are they even worth it?The prosIt will take some research to determine which cards will maximize your rewards, but once you have done that,you can use those cards responsibly as part of the good habits you have already established.“If you are in good standing and are making timely monthly payments on all outstanding cards, opening a new credit card account with rewards points that best suits your financial goals (i.e. travel, cash-back deals) may be a good option,” says Beverly Friedmann, who works for consumer review site ReviewingThis. “There are certainly a myriad of options for credit card accounts to open that can save you up to thousands per year and/or different types of travel incentives (i.e. mileage points and free hotel stays).”Opening new cards can eventually offer a boost to your credit score â€" as long as you pay them off in full each month.“Your debt utilization ratio will lowe r by increasing your overall credit limit, which will impact your credit score in a positive way,” explains Leslie H. Tayne Esq., founder and head attorney at debt relief services firm Tayne Law Group. “Make sure to not take on more debt, however, and pay off your balance in full each month to fully take advantage of this benefit of having a greater credit limit.”Used properly, the right credit cards will not just save you money on big occasional purchases, but can actually make your regular, everyday expenses more affordable, as well. Take this personal example from Josh Hastings, founder of Money Life Wax: “My wife and I use a groceries and eating out only credit card to earn points. It is easy to track our monthly spending on food, we have a goal of staying below $350 each month, and we use the points to eat out! We do the same thing with a gas credit card too; we just always pay it off each month!”The consSome experts are less enthusiastic about the idea of opening new credit cards to use for rewards, including financial expert Debbi King, who says there are two cons to opening a new credit card for the perks:One, opening a new card will affect the length of credit history portion of your credit score. This factor is based on the length of time all credit accounts have been open. Opening a new card makes that time lower, which will lower your score and will lengthen the time it will take to reach the excellent time frame.Two, opening a new credit card also adds to the temptation to buy something without the cash to pay for it. When you have credit cards available, you can be tempted to charge an item and pay it off over time instead of using cash. This increases your debt.Many credit cards also come with additional straightforward costs, says Xavier Epps, founder and CEO of XNE Financial Advising.“If you want to open new credit cards just for their points, you have to ask yourself if you do not mind taking on extra fees, such as the annual fee, ” Epps says.Finally, you need to be aware that applying for new cards can lead to a temporary mark on your credit score.“Only apply for a card if you know that you are very likely to be approved for that card,” Tayne urges. “If your credit isn’t the highest and you are working towards increasing your credit score, you could be doing more harm than good, because a hard pull will lower your credit score by a few points.”The bottom lineNo matter what route you choose with your credit card use, the most important thing is maintaining your good credit card habits.“With any credit card, users must make sure they make their monthly payments on time,” Epps asserts. “If not, they risk paying additional interest, losing money on late fees, and lowering their credit score, which can affect their ability to receive loans or other credit cards. Users can minimize these risks by maintaining a credit card utilization of 20% to 30%. Be sure the purchases you make are purchases you can pay for at a later date.”It can be easy to get caught up in the excitement of opening new cards. Just be sure to always keep a level head.

Essay Dual Court System - 1094 Words

Q1. What is the dual-court system? Why do we have a dual court system? A. The dual-court system is the result of a general a agreement among the nations founders about the need for individual states to retain significant legislative authority and judicial autonomy separate from federal control. The reason why we have a dual-court system is, back then; new states joining the union were assured of limited federal intervention into local affairs. The state legislatures were free to create laws, and state court systems were needed to hear cases in which violations of those laws occurred. Today, however, state courts do not hear cases involving alleged violations of federal law, nor do federal courts involve themselves in†¦show more content†¦For instance, a charge of indecent liberties, for example, in which the defendant is accused of sexual misconduct may be pleaded out as assault. Such a plea, which takes advantage of the fact those indecent liberties, can be thought of as a form of sexual assault, would effectively disguise the true nature of t he offense. Law and order advocates, who generally favor harsh punishment and long jail terms, claim that plea bargaining results in unjustifiably light sentences. As a consequence, prosecutors who regularly engage in the practice rarely advertise it. Often unrealized is the fact that plea bargaining can be a powerful prosecutorial tool which can be misused. I think that plea bargaining is acceptable practice used in todays criminal justice system because it results in a quick conviction without the need to commit the time and resources necessary for a trial and judges accept pleas which are result of bargaining process because such pleas reduce the workload of the court. Q3. What is an expert witness? A lay witness? What different kinds of testimony might they provide? What are some challenges of expert testimony? A. An expert witness is a person who has knowledge and skills recognized by the court as relevant to the determination of guilt or innocence. Lay witness is an eyewitness, character witness, or other person called upon to testify who is not considered anShow MoreRelatedA Dual Court System Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Courts Many years ago, before courts existed matters was handled in a privately or informally. This often led to violence and unjust treatment of innocent people. During the rise of the Greek City States and the Roman Empire law enforcement became a public affair instead of private. (Siegel, Schmalleger, Worral, 2011). Along with this movement became formalized courts and other criminal justice institutions. 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This paper will also explore the correlation between the historical developmentsRead MoreCrjs300 Theory and Practice in Courts1084 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 3: Theory and Practice in Courts Stacey Pedroza CRJS300-1203A-04: Proseminar in Criminal Justice Professor Samantha Carlo AIU Online University June 24, 2012 Theory and Practice in Courts In reviewing the court system of the United States there is a definite hierarchy between the trial courts, appellate courts and the supreme courts of both the state and federal levels. However, the actions of the court systems move at such a slow and hindered pace because of the bureaucracy ofRead MoreThe Court System Of The United States1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe courts play a huge role in the criminal justice system. The dual court system of the United States (U.S.) was established through the U.S. constitution. The court systems have a multiple purposes and elements of court. 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Succeeding in liberation and independence is difficult

Societys True Nature Depicted Through Albert Camus the...

In Franz Kafkas enigmatic novel The Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa lives the life of a bug. The traveling salesman awakens one morning to find himself incredulously transformed into a â€Å"monstrous vermin.† At First, Gregor is apathetic towards his â€Å"metamorphosis† and immediately begins describing his room and slight discomforts in great detail. At the same time, Gregor incessantly comments on unimportant aspects of his – almost dismissing the fact that he is now a cockroach. When his family starts knocking on his door, Gregor immediately begins conjuring scenarios in which he imagines that his family genuinely cares for him. This illusion is soon shattered after the reader is exposed to the true nature of the Samsas. Gregors metamorphosis†¦show more content†¦Lastly, Gregors transformation itself is ironic. A metamorphosis suggests ascension into a higher form; but in Gregors case, he has devolved into one of the most insignificant form that comes t o mind – a cockroach. However, Gregors bug form is simply an illustration. After close analysis, it can be said that Gregors metamorphosis is his inner state surfacing into the physical world. With that said, one can come to the conclusion that Gregor has always been a bug and has been alienated from his family prior to his transformation. The Samsa family loses faith in Gregor recovering (as if they ever had any) and begins discarding remnants of his past. Gregor is addressed as â€Å"it† (Pfeiffer 55) later in the book when his family dehumanizes him. Reading about how Gregor and his family are so alienated from one another that they do not see it is powerful on its own, but seeing Kafkas message and understanding how people live in a world not too different from Gregors is a harsh truth that only a handful of people come to realize. All in all, Gregors metamorphosis symbolizes the alienation, which has always (and may always) exist. It is a powerful symbol that reve als how alienated people are from themselves and society in its entirety. After reading Kafkas The Metamorphosis, one cannot help but question whether his own life is real - or a deviation that has spawned and thrived in the alienated society man has given birthShow MoreRelatedThe Absurdity Of Existence Of The Book The Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka And The Stranger 1732 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly in the two novellas, The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka and The Stranger by Albert Camus, ideas of absurdity are employed to analyze human nature and discover the true meaning of life, and death. Through the questioning of societal boundaries, both of the authors implement philosophy into their writing through their separate and unique styles. The Metamorphosis and The Stranger describe the transformation of young men who journey through life while discovering their true purposes. The belief thatRead MoreAbsurdity Between Kafka and Camus4307 Words   |  18 PagesThis paper seeks to compare and contrast the philosophical views of two great philosophers, namely Albert Camus and Franz Kafka. The works involved in this argument are Kafkas The Metamorphosis and Camus The Outsider. The chief concern of both writers is to find a kind of solution to the predicament of modern man and his conflict with machines and scientific theories. Death, freedom, truth and identity are themes to be studies here in the sense of absurdity.    Kafka was born in Prague in 1883.

Mothers Who Work and Attend College Free Essays

There has been a debate on the previous years on whether sociology must be regarded as a science or not. Experts had presented their stand and study why sociology is a science and why not. Many of them started by defining what science, what comprises a science, and what can be called and claimed scientific. We will write a custom essay sample on Mothers Who Work and Attend College or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even in our early school days, science by definition is the logical activity of observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. Science is a big scope of study and therefore must be divided into categories. So, the branches of science appeared. Early sociologists fought to establish sociology as a science. Their main argument is on the methodology used in sociology that is for them, is a science. According to Comte, like what is observable methodologies in science, are what sociology has. Scientific methodologies such as observation, experiment, comparison and historical research are all present and used in sociology. For him, if sociology uses these four methodologies which are common to scientific methodologies then, a strong claim for sociology as a science must be recognized. But because Comte did not execute an experimental research about this, then his claim was not valid. The argument of Comte approached Durkheim. Durkheim made the claim that sociology is a study of social facts, that is â€Å"a thing that is externalto, and coercive of, the actor† (http://www.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~iseda/works/soc-sci.html) Durkheim introduced a thing that he called externalto in his claim to make sociology as a science. He deepened what Comte cannot explain. His argument is that, social facts cannot be explained by the detailed mental examination of your own feelings, thoughts, and motives because social facts are external. Durkheim did an experimental research on suicide to support his claim. Suicide has been a global social problem. Suicide happens for a total of 90 countries around the world. Wasserman (2005) cited that, â€Å"Lithuania has the highest suicide rates per 100, 00 young person aged 15-19 in 90 countries with 23.9 in 2002.† Durkheim included statistical analysis on suicide rate. By that, the goal is a have a support for the claim that suicide is a social phenomenon. The predictions did not agree with statistical data. Durkheim rejected the alternative hypotheses. The attempt of Durkheim to present an empirical result was admired though it faced several problems. The falsification criteria did not work because Durkheim resulted to very strict criteria. Consequently, precise predictions are hard to achieve and/or gain based on sociological theory. Others argued to the work of Durkheim that conflicted on his definition of suicide and his removal of introspection in the methodology. Suicide for him is any cause of death that the executor knows that death is the result. Many questioned that if introspection is not present, how can the executor knows that the result of his/her action which is suicide, is death? Weber also attempted to provide explanation and support in making sociology as a science. Unlike Durkheim, Weber used introspection. According to him, the understanding on other people’s motivation is needed for it necessary for sociology. This understanding can be attained through introspection. But this was never easy to be presented as a science. A strong falsification was given to interpreted facts. Philosophers of science explained that interpreted facts cannot be run to the theory because anyone can give his/her interpretation. There is a way for sociology to be known as science. It is when the provided criteria are not too strict, and when minimal possibility of falsification is presented. Works Cited â€Å"Science† American Heritage Dictionaries. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from (http://www.answers.com/topic/science) â€Å"The Case for Sociology as a Science† Retrieved November 5, 2007, from (http://www.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~iseda/works/soc-sci.html) Max Weber. â€Å"Sociological Writings.† (1994) Retrieved November 5, 2007, from (http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/weber.htm) Wasserman, D., Qi Cheng, Guo-Xin Jiang. â€Å"Global suicide rates among young people aged 15-19† World Psychiatry (2005) 4(2): 114–120. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1414751)       How to cite Mothers Who Work and Attend College, Essay examples

Year Round School Makes Sense free essay sample

One downfall is the difficulty students have retaining knowledge and information from the previous year. Typically, teachers spend the first six weeks of the new school year reviewing material from the last instead of moving on to the new material. The department of education has indicated the need for change. According to the Education Secretary Arne Duncan, President Barak Obama has called for a longer school year to help American students compete with students around the globe (Dessoff, 36). The future of America is in the hands of today’s youth. Students that attend year round schools are at an advantage over students that attend traditional schools in the area of knowledge retention and access to quality teaching staff. The traditional school schedule is out-dated. Summer vacation finds its roots in farm life. In years past, children would attend school in the months that parents could spare their help. When school let out for the summer, many students would trade in their formal education for one more practical, yet just as important. We will write a custom essay sample on Year Round School Makes Sense or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The schedule made sense then, but fast-forward to today’s society. Less families farm and the ones that do don’t rely as heavily on manpower, especially their children. Those who oppose year round schooling argue that summer camps and family vacations are an important part of growing up and would be missed if summer vacation were done away with (â€Å"Leave Those Kids Alone: The Case For Long Summer Vacations†, 5). Summer camps can provide employment and experience for both high school and college students. They can also be seen as a supplementary avenue in learning and social opportunities for students. However, due to he increasingly high cost of summer camps they are limited to those that can afford them, leaving an educational gap between the children who are privy to such experiences and those who are not. So while some children continue their education at summer camp, others are left in front of the television with nothing to do. Studies show that in low-income areas year-round schools help children to retain information, which i n return improves their test scores (Huebner, 34). Test scores are the method by which schools and teachers are evaluated. Children in low-income families are less likely to have as much access to educational programs and tools in the home. In order to help these children, many year round schools also offer remediation programs during the breaks. Consistent class times and a steady teaching staff are assets to students and assist them in retaining knowledge. The well known year round school formats are: single-track, multi-track, and extended year. The single-track format tends to be the least expensive in terms of schools making the change from a traditional calendar year. It also seems to be the easiest for families to adjust to. 90% of year round schools are on a single-track schedule (Dessoff, 36). The single-track schedule refers to one student body attending the same schedule throughout the entire year. Students attend school at least 180 days over one year’s time period with shorted breaks. This is different than the traditional calendar that contains one short winter break, one short spring break, and an extended summer break. Year round schools on a single-track tend to attract teachers. Some even have a waiting list for teachers anxious to get into the classrooms (Ballingall, 28). Many who teach year round find enjoyment in the sporadic vacation breaks. This not only allows them to better enjoy the different seasons, but also provides time to regroup and rest. Healthy, rested, happy teachers can mean less money spent on substitute teachers and sick pay. Multi-track refers to two or more groups of students attending the same school on two different schedules; while one group of students is on break, another is attending school. This method would be the most cost effective for the school districts that have outgrown their buildings and are in need of new construction (Watkins, 465). Under the multi-track plan there are several options including 45/15 and 60/20, meaning 45 days in school and 15 days off or 60 days in school and 20 days off. Not only can the multi-track plan save on construction but also saves on maintenance and staffing costs. However, there are downfalls to the multi-track method. The biggest downfall would most likely be the increased probability of teacher and administrative burnout. To contend with burnout, one Superintendant compared the way in which hospitals operate to that of a year round school. He mentions that doctors care for their patients, but each day they must clock out and trust the next shift of professionals to carry on with their patients. Similarly, teachers and administrators on year round schedules must be willing to relinquish control in order to avoid burnout. Extended year only differs from a traditional schedule in the number of days scheduled. Typically extended schedules tack on 20 additional days per school year. Each school district must decide which schedule best suits the needs of their community. For areas that are predominately low income, year round schools seem to be the best solution. For schools in extreme climates it may not be a good option. Extremely warm climates may suffer from the additional air conditioning costs. Extremely cold climates may suffer from extremely high heating costs. However, for the majority of America, the savings in one season offsets the additional cost of the other. In all areas, America must continue to evaluate the system on which the future depends so heavily.